Appendix 3.2: the questionnaires used in the study (English version)

Items indicated with an asterisk (*) have been removed in the analyses. Teacher questionnaire

School code:_

Part A. Background

a. Gender: 1. Male 2. Female

b. Age:_(yrs)

c. Experience as a teacher:_(yrs)

d. Tenure (permanent position): yes/no/not relevant

e. If applicable, please specify which leadership position you hold in

addition to teaching (e.g., vice-principal, headmaster, subject-area coordinator):_

f. Teaching area:

1. _Humanities, languages, and social studies
2. _Science, mathematics, and technology
3. Arts, sport
4. _Other

g. Size of school in number of students:_

h. School location: 1. Urban 2. Suburban 3. Rural 4. Other_

i. School level:

1. _Elementary/primary
2. _Middle
3. _High/secondary

j. School religion:

1. _Secular
2. _Religious

	Very Little	Little	Neither Little nor Large	Large	Very Large
1 Make sure your students achieve high achievement scores	1	2	3	4	5
2 Meet expected standards	1	2	3	4	5
3 Be accountable for your students’ achievements	1	2	3	4	5
4 Report to school leadership on the way you perform your work	1	2	3	4	5
5 Report to other teachers on the way you perform your work	1	2	3	4	5
6 Report to parents on the way you perform your work	1	2	3	4	5
7 Allow your work in class to be transparent to school leadership	1	2	3	4	5
8 Allow your work in class to be transparent to other teachers	1	2	3	4	5
9 Allow your work in class to be transparent to parents	1	2	3	4	5
10 Be evaluated on the basis of your work achievements	1	2	3	4	5
11 Change your work according to feedback you receive	1	2	3	4	5
12 Be held accountable when your work in the classroom does not meet expectations	1	2	3	4	5
13 Be acknowledged for the success of your classes	1	2	3	4	5

	Veiy Little	Little	Neither Little nor Much	Much	Very Much
14 Achieve professional goals	1	2	3	4	5
15 Develop professionally (training sessions, workshops, conferences, etc.)	1	2	3	4	5
16 Learn from the work of outstanding colleagues	1	2	3	4	5
17 Be responsible for teaching in the best possible way	1	2	3	4	5
18 Be responsible for using professional knowledge in your work	1	2	3	4	5
19 Be accountable to your own inner moral standards	1	2	3	4	5
20 Be accountable to professional ethics	1	2	3	4	5

Part D. To -what extent do you believe your work should include the following behaviors and activities with regard to school management and parents:

	School Management					Parents
	Very Little	Little	Neither Little nor Much	Much	Very Much	Veiy Little	Little	Neither Little nor Much	Much	Veiy Much
21 Strive to achieve set goals	1	2	3	4	5	1	2	3	4	5
22 Report on your performance regarding students’ academic achievements	1	2	3	4	5	1	2	3	4	5

	School Management					Parents
	1 Very Little	Little	Neither Little nor Much	Much	Vety Much	1 Vety Little	Little	Neither Little nor Much	Much	Vety Much
23 Report on performance regarding curriculum coverage	1	2	3	4	5	1	2	3	4	5
24 Report on performance regarding social climate (e.g., student behavior, discipline) in class	1	2	3	4	5	1	2	3	4	5
25 Show transparency in your work	1	2	3	4	5	1	2	3	4	5
26 Get formal evaluations on the results of your work	1	2	3	4	5	1	2	3	4	5
27 Get feedback on your teaching	1	2	3	4	5	1	2	3	4	5

Part E. Please indicate how much you agree or disagree with the following statements about your work:

	Strongly Disagree	Disagree	Neither Agree nor Disagree	Agree	Strongly Agree
28 The way I teach in my class is determined for the most part by myself	1	2	3	4	5
29 The contents taught in my class are those that I select myself	1	2	3	4	5
30 My teaching focuses on goals and objectives that I select myself	1	2	3	4	5
31 I myself select the teaching materials that I use with my students	1	2	3	4	5

(Continued)

	Strongly Disagree	Disagree	Neither Agree nor Disagree	Agree	Strongly Agree
32 I am free to be creative in my teaching approach	1	2	3	4	5
33 My job does not allow for much discretion on my part	1	2	3	4	5
34 In my class, I have little control over how classroom space is used	1	2	3	4	5
35 My school management strongly supports my goals and values	1	2	3	4	5
36 My school administration values my contribution	1	2	3	4	5
37 My school administration takes pride in my accomplishments at work	1	2	3	4	5
38 My school administration really cares about me	1	2	3	4	5
39 If given the chance, my school administration would take unfair advantage of me	1	2	3	4	5
40 My school administration is willing to help me when I need a special favor	1	2	3	4	5
41 Upon my request, my school administration would change my working conditions, if this is at all possible	1	2	3	4	5
42 My school administration would ignore any complaint from me	1	2	3	4	5

Part F. The following items refer to your personal values and attitudes toward work and life in general. Please indicate how much you agree or disagree with the following statements:

	Strongly Disagree	Disagree	Neither Agree nor Disagree	Agree	Strongly Agree
43 I’d rather depend on myself than on others	1	2	3	4	5
44 I rely on myself more than on others most of the time	1	2	3	4	5
45 I often do ‘my own thing'	1	2	3	4	5
46 My personal identity, independent of others, is very important to me	1	2	3	4	5
47 If a fellow teacher gets an award, I would feel proud	1	2	3	4	5
48 The well-being of my fellow teachers is important to me	1	2	3	4	5
49 I take pleasure in spending time with others	1	2	3	4	5
50 I feel good when I cooperate with others	1	2	3	4	5
51 I believe that a person’s influence is based primarily on his or her ability and contribution to society and not on the authority of his or her position	1	2	3	4	5
52 I believe that followers are expected to obey their leaders without reservation rather than question their leaders when in disagreement	1	2	3	4	5
53 I believe that people in positions of power try to increase their social distance (hierarchical space) from less powerful individuals	1	2	3	4	5

(Continued)

	Strongly Disagree	Disagree	Neither Agree nor Disagree	Agree	Strongly Agree
54 I believe that rank and hierarchical position should go with special privileges	1	2	3	4	5
55 I find orderliness and consistency more important than experimentation or innovation	1	2	3	4	5
56 I tend to lead a highly structured life with few unexpected events	1	2	3	4	5
57 When I have to do something, I prefer to receive instructions that are spelled out in detail, so that I know what I am expected to do	1	2	3	4	5
58 I like to live with laws that cover almost all situations (rather than very few situations)	1	2	3	4	5

Principal questionnaire

School code

Part A. Background

a. Gender: 1. Male 2. Female

b. Age:_(yrs)

c. Experience as a principal:_(yrs)

d. Size of school in number of students:_

e. School location: 1. Urban 2. Suburban 3. Rural 4. Other_

f. School level:

1. _Elementary/primary
2. _Middle
3. _High/secondary

g. School religion:

1. _Secular
2. _Religious

	Vety Little	Little	Neither Little nor Much	Much	Vety Much
1 Make sure school academic performance is high	1	2	3	4	5
2 Meet expected standards	1	2	3	4	5
3 Be accountable for the academic achievements of your school students	1	2	3	4	5
4 Report to superiors (superintendent, central education office) on the way you perform your work	1	2	3	4	5
5 Report to your teaching staff on the way you perform your work	1	2	3	4	5
6 Report to parents on the way you perform your work	1	2	3	4	5
7 Allow your work in school to be transparent to school leadership	1	2	3	4	5
8 Allow your work in school to be transparent to other principals	1	2	3	4	5
9 Allow your work in school to be transparent to parents	1	2	3	4	5
10 Be evaluated on the basis of your work achievements	1	2	3	4	5
11 Change your work according to feedback you get	1	2	3	4	5
12 Be held accountable when your work in school does not meet expectations	1	2	3	4	5
13 Be acknowledged for the success of your school	1	2	3	4	5

	Veiy Little	Little	Neither Little nor Much	Much	Veiy Much
14 Achieve professional goals	1	2	3	4	5
15 Develop professionally (training sessions, workshops, conferences, etc.)	1	2	3	4	5
16 Learn from the work of outstanding colleagues	1	2	3	4	5
17 Be responsible for leading in the best possible way	1	2	3	4	5
18 Be responsible for using professional knowledge in your work	1	2	3	4	5
19 Be accountable to your own personal moral standards	1	2	3	4	5
20 Be accountable to professional ethics	1	2	3	4	5

Part D. To -what extent do you believe your work should include the following behaviors and activities with regard to school management board and parents:

	School Management Board					Parents
	Veiy Little	Little	Neither Little nor Much	Much	Veiy Much	Veiy Little	Little	Neither Little nor Much	Much	Veiy Much
21 Strive to achieve set goals	1	2	3	4	5	1	2	3	4	5
22 Report on your performance regarding students’ academic achievements	1	2	3	4	5	1	2	3	4	5
23 Report on performance regarding curriculum coverage	1	2	3	4	5	1	2	3	4	5

	School Management Board					Parents
	1 Very Little	Little	Neither Little nor Much	Much	Vety Much	1 Vety Little	Little	Neither Little nor Much	Much	Vety Much
24 Report on performance regarding social climate (e.g., student behavior, discipline) in class	1	2	3	4	5	1	2	3	4	5
25 Show transparency in your work	1	2	3	4	5	1	2	3	4	5
26 Get formal evaluations on the results of your work	1	2	3	4	5	1	2	3	4	5
27 Get feedback on your work as a school principal	1	2	3	4	5	1	2	3	4	5

Part E. Please indicate to what extent you agree or disagree with the following statements about your work:

	Strongly Disagree	Disagree	Neither Agree nor Disagree	Agree	Strongly Agree
28 My school board strongly supports my goals and values	1	2	3	4	5
29 My school board values my contribution	1	2	3	4	5
30 My school board takes pride in my accomplishments at work	1	2	3	4	5
31 My school board really cares about me	1	2	3	4	5
32 If given the chance, my school board would take unfair advantage of me	1	2	3	4	5

(Continued)

Strongly Disagree Disagree			Neither Agree nor Disagree	Agree	Strongly Agree
33 My school board is willing to help me when I need a special favor	1	2	3	4	5
34 If I asked, my school board would change my working conditions, if this is at all possible	1	2	3	4	5
35 My school board would ignore any complaint from me	1	2	3	4	5

Part F. The following items refer to your personal values and attitudes toward work and life in general. Please indicate how much you agree or disagree with the following statements:

	Strongly Disagree	Disagree	Neither Agree nor Disagree	Agree	Strongly Agree
36 I’d rather depend on myself than others	1	2	3	4	5
37 I rely on myself more than others most of the time	1	2	3	4	5
38 I often do ‘my own tiling’	1	2	3	4	5
39 My personal identity, independent of others, is very important to me*	1	2	3	4	5
40 If a colleague principal gets an award, I would feel proud	1	2	3	4	5
41 The well-being of my colleague principals is important to me	1	2	3	4	5
42 I take pleasure in spending time with others	1	2	3	4	5

	Strongly Disagree	Disagree	Neither Agree nor Disagree	Agree	Strongly Agree
43 I feel good when I cooperate with others	1	2	3	4	5
44 I believe that a person’s influence is based primarily on one’s ability and contribution to society and not on the authority of one’s position	1	2	3	4	5
45 I believe that followers are expected to obey then leaders without reservation rather than question their leaders when in disagreement	1	2	3	4	5
46 I believe that people in positions of power try to increase their social distance (hierarchical space) from less powerful individuals	1	2	3	4	5
47 I believe that rank and hierarchical position should go with special privileges	1	2	3	4	5
48 I find orderliness and consistency more important than experhnentation or innovation	1	2	3	4	5
49 I tend to lead a highly structured life with few unexpected events	1	2	3	4	5
50 When I have to do something, I prefer to receive instructions that are spelled out in detail, so I know what I am expected to do	1	2	3	4	5
51 I like to live with laws that cover almost all situations (rather than very few situations)	1	2	3	4	5

Part G. Please indicate the degree to which you perceive autonomy in your work:

	Perceived Autonomy
	Vety Little	Little	Neither Little nor Much	Much	Vety Much
52 Determining number type of faculty and staff	1	2	3	4	5
53 Allocating resources	1	2	3	4	5
54 Hiring faculty and staff'	1	2	3	4	5
55 Assigning faculty and staff'	1	2	3	4	5
56 Transferring and/or discharging unsuitable faculty and staff	1	2	3	4	5
57 Allocating time for instruction	1	2	3	4	5
58 Determining student discipline policies/ procedures	1	2	3	4	5

Appendix 3.3