Acknowledgement

The authors would like to acknowledge Dr Alex Clarke-Cornwell for her helpful comments and suggestions on this chapter.

References

Amponsah-Tawiah, K., Annor, F., & Arthur, B. (2016). Linking commuting stress to job satisfaction and turnover intention: The mediating role of burnout. Journal of Workplace Behavioural Health, 31(2), 104-123.

Anderson, E.H. & Shivakumar, G. (2013). Effects of exercise and physical activity on anxiety. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4(27).

Anokye, N.K.. Trueman, P., Green, C., Pavey, T.G., & Taylor. R.S. (2012). Physical activity and health related quality of life. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 624.

Avila-Palencia, I., de Nazelle, A., Cole-Hunter, T., Donaire-Gonzalez, D., Jerrett, M., Rodríguez, D., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. (2017). The relationship between bicycle commuting and perceived stress: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 7(6), E013542.

Barck-Holst, P., Nilsonne, A., Akerstedt, T., & Hellgren, C. (2017). Reduced working hours and stress in the Swedish social services: A longitudinal study. International Social Work, 60(4), 897-913.

Barry, M.M. (2009). Addressing the determinants of positive mental health: Concepts, evidence and practice. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 11(3), 4-17.

Ben-Elia, E. & Ettema, D. (2011). Rewarding rush-hour avoidance: A study of commuters’ travel behavior. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 45(7), 567-582.

Besser, L.M., Marcus, M., & Frumkin, H. (2008). Commute time and social capital in the US. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 34(3), 207—211.

Boe, O. & Hagen, K. (2015). Using mindfulness to reduce the perception of stress during an acute stressful situation. Procedia — Social and Behavioural Sciences, 197, 858-868.

Cantwell, M., Caulfield, B., & O’Mahony, M. (2009). Examining the factors that impact public transport commuting satisfaction. Journal of Public Transportation, 12(2), 1.

Cassidy, T. (1992). Commuting-related stress: Consequences and implications. Employee Counselling Today, 4(2), 15—21.

Celis-Morales, C.. Lyall, D., Welsh, P., Anderson, J., Steell, L., Guo, Y. et al. (2017). Association between active commuting and incident cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mortality: Prospective cohort study. British Medical Journal, 357, jl 546.

Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) (2016). Employee outlook: Focus on commuting and flexible working — Survey report. Retrieved 21 August 2019 from: https://www.cipd.co.uk/Images/employee-outlook-focus-on-commuting-and-flexible-working_tcml8-10886.pdf

Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) (2019). Mega trends: Flexible working. Retrieved 21 August 2019 from: https://www.cipd.co.uk/ Images/megatrends-report-flexible-working-1 _tcml8-52769.pdf

Chatterjee, K., Chng, S., Clark, B., Davis, A., De Vos, J., Ettema, D. et al. (2019). Commuting and wellbeing: A critical overview of the literature with implications for policy and future research. Transport Reviews, 40(1), 1—30.

Christian, T.J. (2012a). Automobile commuting duration and the quantity of time spent with spouse, children, and friends. Preventive Medicine, 55(3), 215—218.

Christian, T.J. (2012b). Trade-offs between commuting time and health-related activities. Journal of Urban Health, 89(5), 746-757.

Citrix Systems (2009). The office of the future: The critical factors behind our changing work environment. Retrieved 16 September 2019 from: http://www. axisfirst.co.uk/technology/pdfs/The_Office_of_the_Future_Whitepaper.pdf

Clarke, S. & Holdsworth, L. (2017). Flexibility in the workplace: Implications of flexible work arrangements for individuals, teams and organisations. Retrieved 21 August 2019 from: https://www.acas.org.uk/media/4901/Flexibility-in-the-Workplace-Implications-of-flexible-work-arrangements-for-individuals-teams-and-organisations/pdf/Flexibility-in-the-Workplace.pdf

Cooper, K. & Barton, G.C. (2015). An exploration of physical activity and wellbeing in university employees. Perspectives in Public Health, 136(3), 152—160.

Costa, G., Akerstedt, T, Nachreiner, F., Baltieri, F., Folkard, S., Dresen, M.F. et al. (2001). Flexible work hours, health and well-being in the European Union: Preliminary data from a SALTSA project. Journal of Human Etgology, 30(1—2), 27—33.

Cox, T., Houdmont, J., & Griffiths, A. (2006). Rail passenger crowding, stress, health and safety in Britain. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 40(3), 244-258.

DEGW (2008). Working beyond walls: The government workplaces as an agent of change. Retrieved 16 September 2019 from: https://assets.publishing.service. gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/394153/ Working-beyond-Walls.pdf

Department for Transport (2019). Analyses from the National Travel Survey. Retrieved 2 June 2019 from: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/ uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/775032/2019-nts-commissioned-analyses.pdf

Department of Health (DH) (2011). UK physical activity guidelines. Retrieved 2 June 2019 from: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/ uploads/attachment_data/file/213740/dh_l 28145.pdf

Eurofound (2015). EU level: ECJ rules that travel time is treated as working time. Retrieved 2 June 2019 from: https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/it/publications/ article/2015/eu-level-ecj-rules-that-travel-time-is-treated-as-working-time

Eurostat (2016). Statistics on commuting patterns at regional level. Retrieved 21 August 2019 from: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/ Statistics_on_commuting_patterns_at_regional_level#General_overview

Evans, G., Wener, R., & Kaplan, R. (2006). Rail commuting duration and passenger stress. Health Psychology, 25(3), 408-412.

Evans, G.. Wener, R., & Phillips, D. (2002). The morning rush hour: Predictability and commuter stress. Environment and Behaviour, 34(4), 521—530.

Feng, Z. & Boyle, P. (2014). Do longjourneys to work have adverse effects on mental health? Environment and Behaviour, 46(5), 609—625.

Flint, E., Cummins, S., & Sacker, A. (2014). Associations between active commuting, body fat, and body mass index: Population based, cross sectional study in the United Kingdom. British Medical Journal, 349, g4887. Article correction: https://www. bmj.com/content/bmj/350/bmj.112056. full.pdf

Flint, E., Webb, E., & Cummins, S. (2016). Change in commute mode and bodymass index: Prospective, longitudinal evidence from UK Biobank. The Lancet: Public Health, 1(2), e46-e55.

Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) (2018). Commuting trends in Florida. Retrieved 16 August 2019 from: https://fdotwww.blob.core.windows.net/sitefinity/ docs/defau lt-source/content/planning/trends/special/acs022 818.pdf ?sfvrsn= 47db27fd_0

Friman, M., Garling, T., Etterna, D., & Olsson, L.E. (2017). How does travel affect emotional well-being and life satisfaction? Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 106, 170-180.

Garber, C.E., Blissmer.B., Deschenes, M.R., Franklin, B. A., Lamonte, MJ., Lee, I.-M. et al. (2011). Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: Guidance for prescribing exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 43(1), 1334-1359.

Garcia-Hermoso, A., Quintero, A.P., Hernandez, E., Enrique Correa-Bautista, J., Izquierdo, M., Tordecilla-Sanders, A. et al. (2018). Active commuting to and from university, obesity and metabolic syndrome among Colombian university students. BMC Public Health, 18(1). 523.

Gibson, M. (2014). Here’s a radical way to end vacation email overload. Retrieved 2 June 2019 from: https://time.com/3116424/daimler-vacation-email-out-of-office

Golden T.D. (2012). Altering the effects of work and family conflict on exhaustion: Telework during traditional and nontraditional work hours. Journal of Business & Psychology, 27(3), 255-269.

Gordon-Larsen, P., Boone-Heinonen, J., Sidney, S., Sternfeld, B., Jacobs, D.R., & Lewis, C.E. (2009). Activecommutingand cardiovascular disease risk: The CARDIA study. Archives of Internal Medicine, 169(13), 1216-1223.

Gottholmseder, G., Nowotny, K., Pruckner, GJ., & Theurl, E. (2009). Stress perception and commuting. Health Economics, 18(5), 559—576.

Greenhaus, J.H. & Powell, G.N. (2006). When work and family are allies: A theory of work—family enrichment. The Academy of Management Review, 31(1), 72—92.

Gripsrud, M. & Hjorthol, R. (2012). Working on the train: From “dead time” to productive and vital time. Transportation, 39(5), 941—956.

Guell, C., Panter, J., Jones, N.R.. & Ogilvie, D. (2012). Towards a differentiated understanding of active travel behaviour: Using social theory to explore everyday commuting. Social Science & Medicine, 75(1), 233—239.

Haar, J.M., Russo, M., Sune, A., & Ollier-Malaterre, A. (2014). Outcomes of worklife balance on job satisfaction, life satisfaction and mental health: A study across seven cultures. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(3), 361—373.

Halpern, D.F. (2005). How time-flexible work policies can reduce stress, improve health, and save money. Stress and Health, 21(3), 157—168.

Handy, S. & Thigpen, C. (2019). Commute quality and its implications for commute satisfaction: Exploring the role of mode, location, and other factors. Travel Behaviour and Society, 16, 241-248.

Hennessy, D.A. (2008). The impact of commuter stress on workplace aggression. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 38(9), 2315—2335.

Higgins, C., Sweet, D., & Kanaroglou, M. (2018). All minutes are not equal: Travel time and the effects of congestion on commute satisfaction in Canadian cities. Transportation, 45(5), 1249-1268.

Hilbrecht, M., Smale, B., & Mock, S.E. (2014). Highway to health? Commute time and well-being among Canadian adults. World Leisure Journal, 56(2), 151—163.

Honda, T, Kuwahara, K., Nakagawa, T., Yamamoto, S., Hayashi, T., & Mizoue, T. (2015). Leisure-time, occupational, and commuting physical activity and risk of type 2 diabetes in Japanese workers: A cohort study. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 1004.

Hopkins, J. & Mckay, J. (2019). Investigating “anywhere working” as a mechanism for alleviating traffic congestion in smart cities. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 142, 258-272.

International Workplace Group (IWG) (2019). The IWG global workspace survey. Welcome to Generation Flex —The Employee Power Shift. Retrieved from: http:// assets, regus.com/pdfs/iwg-workplace-survey/iwg-workplace-survey-2019.pdf

Jachimowicz, J., Lee, J.J.. Staats, B.R., Menges, J., & Gino, F. (2018). Between home and work: Commuting as an opportunity for role transitions. Harvard Business School NOM Unit Working Paper (16-077), pp. 16-17.

Jacob, N., Munford, L., Rice, N., & Roberts, J. (2019). The disutility of commuting? The effect of gender and local labor markets. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 77, 264-275. "

Jang, S. & Zippay, A. (2011). The juggling act: Managing work-life conflict and work-life balance. Families in Society. 92(1), 84-90.

Kelliher, C. & Anderson, D. (2010). Doing more with less? Flexible working practices and the intensification of work. Human relations, 63(1), 83—106.

King, D.M. & Jacobson, S.H. (2017). What is driving obesity? A review on the connections between obesity and motorized transportation. Current obesity reports, 6(1), 3-9.

Koike, H., Osada, T., & So, T. (2017). Smart wellness city — new healthy community movements in Japan (breakout presentation). Journal of Transport & Health, 7(SS), S66.

Lancee, S., Veenhoven, R., & Burger, M. (2017). Mood during commute in the Netherlands: What way of travel feels best for what kind of people? Transportation Research Part A, 104, 195-208.

Laverty, A.A., Mindell, J.S.. Webb, E.A., & Millett, C. (2013). Active travel to work and cardiovascular risk factors in the United Kingdom. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 45(3). 282-288.

Lee, I.M., Shiroma, E.J., Lobelo, F., Puska, P., Blair, S.N.. Katzmarzyk, P.T, & Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group (2012). Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: An analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. The Lancet, 380(9838), 219-229.

Legrain, A., Eluru, N., & El-Geneidy, A.M. (2015). Am stressed, must travel: The relationship between mode choice and commuting stress. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 34, 141-151.

Lorenz, O. (2018). Does commuting matter to subjective well-being? Journal of Transport Geography, 66(C), 180—199.

Lyness, K.S. & Judiesch, M.K. (2014). Gender egalitarianism and work—life balance for managers: Multisource perspectives in 36 countries. Applied Psychology, 63(1), 96—129.

Martin, A., Goryakin, Y., & Suhrcke, M. (2014). Does active commuting improve psychological wellbeing? Longitudinal evidence from eighteen waves of the British Household Panel Survey. Preventive Medicine, 69, 296—303.

Millett, C., Agrawal, S., Sullivan, R., Vaz, M., Kurpad, A., Bharathi, A. etal. (2013). Associations between active travel to work and overweight, hypertension, and diabetes in India: A cross-sectional study. PLoS medicine, 10(b), el001459.

Milner, A., Smith, P., & LaMontagne, A.D. (2015). Working hours and mental health in Australia: Evidence from an Australian population-based cohort, 2001—2012. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 72(8), 573—579.

Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment of Finland (2019). Working Hours Act to be updated. Retrieved 3 October 2019 from: https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/ article/-/asset_publisher/1410877/tyoaikalaki-uudistuu

Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment of Finland (n.d.) Working hours are regulated by the Working Hours Act and collective agreements. Retrieved 28 January 2020 from: https://tem.fi/en/working-hours

Moovit Insights (n.d.). Facts and usage statistics about public transport in Melbourne, Australia. Retrieved 14 August 2019 from: https://moovitapp.com/insights/ en-gb/Moovit_I nsights_Public_Transport_I ndex-2803

Mytton, O.T., Ogilvie, D., Griffin, S., Brage, S., Wareham, N., & Ranter, J. (2018). Associations of active commuting with body fat and visceral adipose tissue: A cross-sectional population based study in the UK. Preventive Medicine, 106, 86—93.

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (2012). Physical activity: Walking and cycling (PH41). Retrieved 14 August 2019 from: www.nice.org.uk/ guidance/ph41

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (2019). NICEimpact. Mental health. Retrieved 2 June 2019 from: https://www.nice.org.uk/Media/ Default/Abou t/what-we-do/1 nto-practice/measu ring-uptake/NICEimpact-mental-health.pdf

Nomoto, M., Hara, A., Kikuchi, K., & Ergol, J.H. (2015). Effects of long-time commuting and long-hour working on lifestyle and mental health among school teachers in Tokyo, Japan. Journal of Human Ergology, 44(f), 1—9.

Norgate, S.H, Cooper-Ryan, A.M., Lavin, S., Stonier, C., & Cooper, C.L. (2019). The impact of public transport on the health of work commuters: A systematic review. Health Psychology Review, 12, June, 1—20.

Novaco, R.W. & Gonzalez, O.I. (2009). Commuting and well-being. In Y. Amichai-Hamburger (ed.). Technology and Psychological Well-being (pp. 174—205). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Novaco, R.W., Stokols, D., & Milanesi, L. (1990). Objective and subjective dimensions of travel impedance as determinants of commuting stress. American Journal of Community Psychology, 18(2), 231—257.

Office for National Statistics (ONS) (2018). Travel to work methods and the time it takes to commute from home to work, Labour Force Survey, 2007 to 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2019 from: https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/ peopleinwork/labourproductivity/adhocs/008005traveltoworkmethodsandthe timeittakestocommutefromhometoworklabourforcesurvey2007to2016

OfficeforNationalStatistics(ONS) (2019). Thecommutinggap: Women are more likely than men to leave theirjob over a long commute. Retrieved 2June 2019 from: https:// www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsand workinghours/articles/thecommutinggapwomenaremorelikelythanmento leavetheirjoboveralongcommute/2019-09-04

Olsson, L.E., Garling, T, Ettema, D., Friman, M., & Fujii, S. (2013). Happiness and satisfaction with work commute. Social indicators research, 111(f), 255—263.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2016). Be flexible! Background brief on how workplace flexibility can help European employees to balance work and family. Retrieved 2 June 2019 from: https://www. oecd.org/els/family/Be-Flexible-Backgrounder-Workplace-Flexibility.pdf

Panter, J., Mytton, O., Sharp, S., Brage, S., Cummins, S., Laverty, A.A. et al. (2018). Using alternatives to the car and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality. Heart, 104(21), 1749-1755.

Paredes, P.E., Hamdan, N.A.H.. Clark, D., Cai, C.,Ju, W.. & Landay, J.A. (2017). Evaluating in-car movements in the design of mindful commute interventions: Exploratory study. Journal of Medical Internet research, 19(12), e372.

Paton, N. (2017). Long commutes to work take toll on employee health. Occupational Health & Wellbeing, 69(2), 4. Retrieved 16 September 2019 from: https://search. proquest.com/docview/1923938544?accountid=8058

Population Reference Bureau (2000, December). The future of commuting.

Retrieved 2 June 2019 from: https://www.prb.org/thefutureofcommuting

Pucher, J. & Buehler, R. (2008). Making cycling irresistible: Lessons from the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany. Transport Reviews, 28(4), 495—528.

Rafferty, D., Dolan, C., & Granat, M. (2016). Attending a workplace: Its contribution to volume and intensity of physical activity. Physiological Measurement, 37(12), 2144-2153.

Rahman, A.N.N.A., Yusoff, Z.M., & Omar, D. (2015). Smart commuting for urban working family to workplace. Procedia — Social and Behavioral Sciences, 184(C), 252-258.

Rissel, C., Greenaway, M., Bauman, A., & Wen, L.M. (2014). Active travel to work in New South Wales 2005—2010, individual characteristics and association with body mass index. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 38(1), 25—29.

Roberts, J. & Taylor, K. (2017). Intra-household commuting choices and local labour markets. Oxford Economic Papers, 69(3), 734-757.

Royal Society for Public Health (RSPH) (2016). The impact of rush hour commuting on health and wellbeing. Retrieved 2 June 2019 from: https://www.rsph.org.uk/ uploads/assets/uploaded/bl 320af3-7ba3-4b4e-al4351e7d8cfb24b.pdf

Rüger, H., Pfaff, S., Weishaar, H., & Wiernik, B. (2017). Does perceived stress mediate the relationship between commuting and health-related quality of life? Transportation Research Part F: Psychology and Behaviour, 50, 100—108.

Russell, H., O'Connell, P., & McGinnity. F. (2009). The impact of flexible working arrangements on work—life conflict and work pressure in Ireland. Gender, Work & Organization, 16(1), 73—97.

Sadarangani, K.P., Von Oetinger, A., Cristi-Montero, C., Cortinez-O’Ryan, A., Aguilar-Farias, N., & Martinez-Gomez, D. (2018). Beneficial association between active travel and metabolic syndrome in Latin-America: A cross-sectional analysis from the Chilean National Health Survey 2009—2010. Preventive Medicine, 107, 8-13.

Sagui-Henson, S., Levens, S., & Blevins, C. (2018). Examining the psychological and emotional mechanisms of mindfulness that reduce stress to enhance healthy behaviours. Stress and Health, 34(3), 379-390.

Schiller. H., Lekander, M., Rajaleid, K., Hellgren, C., Äkerstedt, T., Barck-Holst, P., & Kecklund, G. (2017). The impact of reduced worktime on sleep and perceived stress — a group randomized intervention study using diary data. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 43(2), 109-116.

Smith, O. (2017). Commute well-being differences by mode: Evidence from Portland, Oregon, OSA. Journal of Transport & Health, 4, 246-254.

Sposato, R.G., Röderer, K., & Cervinka, R. (2012). The influence of control and related variables on commuting stress. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 15(5), 581—587.

Steell, L., Garrido-Mendez, A., Petermann, E, Diaz-Martinez, X., Martinez, M.A., Leiva, A.M. et al. (2017). Active commuting is associated with a lower risk of obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndrome in Chilean adults. Journal of Public Health, 40(3), 508-516.

Stutzer, A. & Frey, B.S. (2008). Stress that doesn’t pay: The commuting paradox. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 110(2), 339—366.

Szeto, A.C. & Dobson, K.S. (2010). Reducing the stigma of mental disorders at work: A review of current workplace anti-stigma intervention programs. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 14(1—4), 41—56.

Taylor, E., Mulvihill. C., Baillie, N., & Irwin, H. (2017). NICE public health guidance: Healthy workplaces. Journal of Public Health, 39(1), 215—216.

Trades Union Congress (TUC) (2018, November 13). Annual commuting time is up 18 hours compared to a decade ago, finds TUC. Retrieved 2 June 2019 from: https://www.tuc.org.uk/news/annual-commuting-time-18-hours-compared-decade-ago-finds-tuc

Triguero-Mas, M., Dadvand, P., Cirach, M., Martinez, D., Medina, A., Mompart, A. et al. (2015). Natural outdoor environments and mental and physical health: Relationships and mechanisms. Environment International, 77, 35—41.

Triguero-Mas, M., Donaire-Gonzalez, D., Seto, E., Valentín, A., Martinez, D., Smith, G. et al. (2017). Natural outdoor environments and mental health: Stress as a possible mechanism. Environmental Research, 159, 629—638.

Urhonen, T., Lie, A., & Aamodt, G. (2016). Associations between long commutes and subjective health complaints among railway workers in Norway. Preventive Medicine Reports, 4, 490-495.

de Vos, D., Meijers, E., & van Ham, M. (2018). Working from home and the willingness to accept a longer commute. The Annals of Regional Science, 61(2), 375—398.

Wang, X.. Rodríguez, D.A., Sarmiento, O.L., & Guaje, O. (2019). Commute patterns and depression: Evidence from eleven Latin American cities. Journal of Transport & Health, 14, 1-19.

Warburton, D.E.R., Nicol, C.W., & Bredin, S.S.D. (2006). Health benefits of physical activity: The evidence. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 174(6), 801.

Wei. D., Cao, X.. & Wang. M. (2019). What determines the psychological well-being during commute in Xi’an: The role of built environment, travel attitude, and travel characteristics. Sustainability, 11(5), 1328.

Wielers, R. & Raven, D. (2011). Part-time work and work norms in the Netherlands. European Sociological Review, 29(1), 105—113.

Williams, J. & Jach, J. (2017, March). How will we commute to the workplace in the future? Work Design Magazine: Expert Insights. Retrieved 2 June 2019 from: https:// workdesign.com/2017/03/will-commute-workplace-future

Woodcock, J., Banister, D., Edwards, P., Prentice, A.M., & Roberts, I. (2007). Energy and transport. The Lancet, 370(9592), 1078-1088.

The Work Foundation (2016). Working anywhere: A winning formula for good work? Retrieved 2 June 2019 from: http://www.theworkfoundation.com/ wp-content/uploads/2016/02/398_Working-Any where.pdf

World Health Organization (WHO) (2001). The World Health Report 2001: Mental health: New understanding, new hope. Retrieved 2June 2019 from: https://www. who.int/whr/2001/en/whr01_en.pdf?ua=l

World Health Organization (WHO) (2010). Global recommendations on physical activity for health. Retrieved 2 June 2019 from: http://apps.who.int/iris/ bitstream/handle/10665/44399/9789241599979_eng.pdf;jsessionid=B1034C3A5 029E99349E179567934AF35?sequence=l

World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe (2017). Towards more physical activity in cities. Retrieved 2June 2019 from: http://www.euro.who. int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/353043/2017_WHO_Report_FINAL_WEB. pdf?ua=l

World Health Organization (WHO) (2018). Mental health: Strengthening our response. Retrieved 2 June 2019 from: https://www.who.int/news-room/ fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our-response

Wright. T.A. & Cropanzano, R. (2000). Psychological well-being and job satisfaction as predictors of job performance. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(1), 84-94.

Yang, L., Panter, J.. Griffin, S.J.. & Ogilvie, D. (2012). Associations between active commuting and physical activity in working adults: Cross-sectional results from the Commuting and Health in Cambridge study. Preventive Medicine, 55(5), 453—457.

Yigitcanlar, T. & Kamruzzaman, M. (2018). Smart cities and mobility: Does the smartness of Australian cities lead to sustainable commuting patterns? Journal of Urban Technology, 261,2), 21-46.

Zijlema, W.L., Avila-Palencia, L, Triguero-Mas, M., Gidlow, C.. Maas,J., Kruize, H. et al. (2018). Active commuting through natural environments is associated with better mental health: Results from the PHENOTYPE project. Environment International, 121(Part 1), 721—727.

Zijlema. W.L., Triguero-Mas, M., Smith, G., Cirach, M.. Martinez, D., Dadvand, P. et al. (2017). The relationship between natural outdoor environments and cognitive functioning and its mediators. Environmental Research, 155, 268—275.